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Only when a full ten marks are counted, is there alignment, because the tenth mark is 10/10-a whole main scale unit-short, and therefore aligns with the ninth mark on the main scale. If you put the two scales together with zero points aligned, the first mark on the vernier scale is 1/10 short of the first main scale mark, the second is 2/10 short, and so on up to the ninth mark, which is misaligned by 9/10. So for a vernier with a constant of 0.1, each mark on the vernier is spaced 9/10 of those on the main scale. The vernier scale is constructed so that it is spaced at a constant fraction of the fixed main scale. The use of the vernier scale is shown on a vernier caliper which measures the internal and the external diameters of an object.
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Vernier caliper scale with the normal 0.02 vernier constant, showing measurement of object at 19.44 mm to two decimal places The Vernier principle of interpolation is also used for electronic displacement sensors such as absolute encoders to measure linear or rotational movement, as part of an electronic measuring system. Examples are calipers and micrometers to measure to fine tolerances, on sextants for navigation, on theodolites in surveying, and generally on scientific instruments. A vernier may be used on circular or straight scales where a simple linear mechanism is adequate. Such an arrangement can go to a higher resolution by using a higher scale ratio, known as the vernier constant. The interpolated reading is obtained by observing which of the vernier scale graduations is coincident with a graduation on the main scale, which is easier to perceive than visual estimation between two points. The vernier is a subsidiary scale replacing a single measured-value pointer, and has for instance ten divisions equal in distance to nine divisions on the main scale. It is used to calculate internal and external diameter of hollow cylinders. The 0.02 mm engraving indicates the caliper's readability and is the "vernier constant" for this scale.Ī vernier scale, named after Pierre Vernier, is a visual aid to take an accurate measurement reading between two graduation markings on a linear scale by using mechanical interpolation, thereby increasing resolution and reducing measurement uncertainty by using vernier acuity to reduce human estimation error.
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The vernier reading is found by locating the best aligned lines between the two scales. The main scale reading is that to the left of the zero on the vernier scale. It reads 3.58 ± 0.02 mm by adding 3.00 mm (left red mark) on the fixed main scale to vernier 0.58 mm (right red mark). Vernier caliper scales main at top, vernier at bottom.